YEAR
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USS Constitution Timeline
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on the Historical Event
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1794: |
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March 27 - President
George Washington signs "an act to provide a naval armament."
By authorizing the construction of six frigates (what we would call "cruisers"
today) the Third Congress in effect creates the U.S. Navy. The immediate
issue is the need to protect the large American merchant fleet from continuous
and increasing attacks by the North African "Barbary pirate"
states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli-as well as from aggressive
high-seas practices of the British. The ships are designed by Mr. Joshua
Humphreys, a Philadelphia Quaker and an innovative naval architect, and
are to be built at six different cities. The contract for one of these
ships, to be named the CONSTITUTION, is given to Edmund Hartt's shipyard
in Boston, Massachusetts.
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1794-1797: |
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The CONSTITUTION is
under construction. Being built to defend the young American nation, the
ship is nearly as old as the historic document for which President Washington
names her. Both the document and the ship have proven to be resilient
symbols of America's strength, courage, and liberty.
The CONSTITUTION is designed to be powerful enough to outfight any enemy
warship approximately her same size, and yet fast enough to outsail a
larger opponent. Built at Edmund Hartt's shipyard, in Boston, her construction
team is made up of superintendent Capt. Samuel Nicholson, chief constructor
Col. George Claghorne, and naval agent Gen. Henry Jackson. Initial funded
appropriation is $115,000-although her final cost will be $302,700. Made
from approximately 2,000 trees (with specialty woods obtained from Maine
to Georgia), armed with cannons cast in Rhode Island, and fitted with
copper fastenings provided by the famous Boston smith Paul Revere, the
vessel is truly a "national" ship. Launched on October 21, 1797,
she doesn't put to sea until 1798. But, having remained part of the U.S.
Navy since her launching day, the CONSTITUTION is today the oldest commissioned
warship afloat in the world.
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1797: |
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Oct. 21 - Although
her construction is almost halted by a 1796 peace treaty with Algiers,
the CONSTITUTION is launched-christened by visiting Capt. James Sever
using a bottle of Madeira. It is actually the third attempt to launch
her; the first was a month earlier, when the ship sticks after moving
only 27 feet. Two days later she moves another 31 feet before sticking
once again. For the third attempt, workers make the launching ways steeper,
which finally enables a successful event. The public, which includes several
French aristocrats, is warned beforehand that the launch of such a large
ship might cause a dangerously large wave, but none actually materializes
during the event. |
1798: |
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May 5 - Secretary of
War William McHenry orders the CONSTITUTION made ready for sea. |
1798: |
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July 22 - Underway
and out to sea for the first time, commanded by Capt. Samuel Nicholson. |
1798-1801: |
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She cruises in the
West Indies, during the "Quasi-War" with France, protecting
U.S. merchant shipping from French privateers. The CONSTITUTION is not
engaged in battle with any warship, but captures/recaptures several privateers
and victims of privateers. |
1802-1803: |
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She is laid up in Boston. |
1803-1805: |
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President Thomas Jefferson
sends the CONSTITUTION to the Mediterranean Sea as flagship of the third
Mediterranean squadron. The mission is to attempt to force the Barbary
pirates from their renewed policies of aggression against U.S. merchant
shipping. With Commodore Edward Preble initially in command, the CONSTITUTION
and other ships of the squadron mount five attacks against Tripoli.
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1805: |
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June 3 - A peace treaty
with Tripoli is completed on board the CONSTITUTION in the captain's cabin;
this is followed by a similar treaty with Tunis signed on August 14th. |
1806-1807: |
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Port calls and peaceful service
in the Mediterranean. The CONSTITUTION returns to Boston in October 1807.
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1807-1811 |
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Out of active service-and then
a partial overhaul-in and around New York. |
1811-1812 |
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Cruise to Europe; overhaul at the
Washington Navy Yard. |
1812-1815: |
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War of 1812 against Great Britain. |
1812: |
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Aug. 19 - The CONSTITUTION's
historic fight with HMS GUERRIERE takes place some 600 miles east of Boston
on the afternoon of August 19, 1812. After an hour of inconclusive maneuvering
and shooting, the two settle down to a short-range slugfest. After 20
minutes the Briton's mizzenmast falls, and a short time later both her
remaining masts go overboard. At some point in the battle, someone reportedly
sees a British shot bounce off the CONSTITUTION's side, and shouts, "Huzzah!
Her sides are made of iron!"-and so is born the nickname "OLD
IRONSIDES." The Americans have 14 casualties; the British, 79. The
GUERRIERE is so badly damaged she has to be sunk after the surviving crew
are brought onboard the CONSTITUTION. In recognition of this spectacular
victory-incredibly motivating to a nation that had seen many military
defeats in the war to date-Congress awards Capt. Isaac Hull a special
gold medal, his officers medals of silver, and the crew $50,000.
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1812: |
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Dec. 29 - The CONSTITUTION
is about 30 miles off the coast of Brazil on 29 December 1812 when, at
about 2 in the afternoon, she begins a fight with the faster HMS JAVA.
Commodore William Bainbridge, now in command of "Old Ironsides,"
is wounded twice, and the ship's steering wheel is shot away, but for
more than 3 hours he maneuvers masterfully and fights tenaciously until,
finally, the JAVA has no masts left standing and her captain lays dying.
This time there are 34 American casualties as opposed to around 130 British.
Like the GUERRIERE, the JAVA is too badly damaged to bring home - but
before he sinks her, Bainbridge has her wheel removed to replace the one
shot away on the CONSTITUTION.
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1813: |
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At the end of February, the CONSTITUTION returns
to Boston, where there is great rejoicing over the victory over the
JAVA. Commodore Bainbridge and the crew also receive considerable recognition-medals
and prize money-in recognition of this second, spectacular triumph over
the Royal Navy.
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1814: |
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January-April - Under
the command of Capt. Charles Stewart, the CONSTITUTION runs the blockade
of Boston. She captures H.M. Schooner Pictou as well as several small
vessels during a cruise to the Windward and Leeward Islands. |
1814: |
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April - "Old Ironsides"
escapes into Marblehead, MA while being chased by two British frigates.
She shortly returns to Boston for repairs. |
1814: |
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Blockaded in Boston for eight months,
from April to December. Finally, taking advantage of bad weather and poor
visibility in December, Captain Stewart slips past the enemy and out to
sea |
1815: |
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Feb. 20 - Capt. Charles
Stewart has the CONSTITUTION about 180 miles from Madeira when he encounters
the British men-of-war CYANE (34 guns) and LEVANT (21 guns). This two-against-one
fight begins as the sun is setting. Through superb sail handling and tactics,
Stewart swiftly closes on CYANE and deals her tremendous damage to her
masts and rigging. Then he blasts the LEVANT hard enough to put her out
of action for awhile, during which time he closes again on the CYANE and
forces her surrender. After putting a prize crew in the CYANE, he turns
his attention again to the LEVANT, chasing and firing into her until she
also surrenders. Stewart has 18 killed and wounded; his two opponents
have around 80 casualties. He hopes to bring both captures home, but runs
into a British squadron that retakes the LEVANT. The CONSTITUTION and
CYANE return safely to New York on May 15, 1815-Captain Stewart recently
learning, at Puerto Rico, that the war has ended. The CYANE is purchased
into the U.S. Navy and becomes the USS CYANE. For his victories, Stewart
receives a gold medal from Congress, and the crew is awarded considerable
prize money; "Old Ironsides" is the only ship to have all her
War of 1812 captains decorated by Congress. Thus, the CONSTITUTION's wartime
service ends-but she is widely recognized for having played a glorious
part in our defense of freedom and our naval heritage.
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1816-1821: |
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Laid up "in ordinary"
(we would nowadays say "in mothballs") at the Boston Navy Yard. |
1821-1828: |
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The CONSTITUTION serves
in the Mediterranean Squadron-for several years as the flagship-under
the command of Capt. Jacob Jones and Commodore Thomas Macdonough. During
this time she is visited by the famous English poet Lord Byron. She returns
to the U.S. once during this period, in 1824, to refit and change crews. |
1828-1833: |
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Laid up at Boston.
During this time the Navy requests that Navy Yard commanders conduct surveys
on all ships laid up in ordinary-including "Old Ironsides"-to
determine how much work needs to be done to bring the ships into active
commission. This information reaches a local publication, which misreports
that the Navy intends to immediately "scrap" the CONSTITUTION.
Student Oliver Wendell Holmes quickly writes and publishes a stirring
poem, called Old Ironsides. In response to the surveyor's report, as well
as public outcry, the Navy directs the refurbishment of the CONSTITUTION. |
1833-1834: |
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The CONSTITUTION is
the first ship to enter the new and massive Drydock No. 1 (in itself a
technological and civil engineering marvel for our country) at the Boston
Navy Yard. (After many years of significant service, this historic drydock
will also claim the distinction of having "Old Ironsides" as
the last ship to be overhauled within her walls-during 1992-1995). |
1834: |
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The CONSTITUTION becomes
embroiled in a political controversy concerning the installation of a
new figurehead that depicts the current president, Andrew Jackson. Her
original figurehead, representing the demi-god Hercules, was lost in a
collision during the Barbary Wars and had been replaced for many years
by a relatively simple "billet head" decoration. President Jackson
is extremely unpopular in Boston at this time; feelings run so high that
the commandant of the Boston Navy Yard has his life threatened over the
issue. Despite an armed guard, a merchant skipper manages, under cover
of a thunderstorm, to row across the harbor, climb onto the ship, and
cut the head off the figurehead. The man personally returns the head to
the Secretary of the Navy; the figurehead is repaired and graces the CONSTITUTION's
bow for many years.
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1835-1838: |
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Serves as flagship
of the Mediterranean Squadron under Commodore Jesse D. Elliott. |
1839-1841: |
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Serves as flagship of the Pacific
Squadron under Commodore Alexander Claxton. |
1842-1843: |
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Serves in the "Home
Squadron," mostly idle in Norfolk. |
1844-1851: |
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The CONSTITUTION circumnavigates
the world from 1844-1846, under Captain John "Mad Jack" Percival,
sailing 52,370 miles in 495 days at sea.
In 1849, while the ship is operating in the
Mediterranean, she is visited by Pope Pius IX at Gaeta, Italy; he is
the first Pontiff to "step" onto U.S. territory.
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1851-1852: |
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Laid up in ordinary at New York. |
1853-1855: |
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The CONSTITUTION sails
as flagship of the African Squadron. She patrols the West African coast,
looking for slave traders, as well as "showing the flag" via
many port calls. On this assignment she sails 42,166 miles in 430 days
at sea. |
1855-1860: |
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Her days of regular
operational duties are over. "Old Ironsides" is laid up at the
Navy Yard in Portsmouth, NH, for conversion into a training ship. |
1860: |
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August 1 - The CONSTITUTION
begins a decade-long stint as a school ship at the U.S. Naval Academy
in Annapolis, MD. |
1861: |
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April 21 - Clear threats
are made against her safety upon the outbreak of the Civil War. As preparations
are being made for her movement farther north, a group of Massachusetts
volunteer soldiers arrives at Annapolis onboard the steamer MARYLAND.
Several companies of these troops are placed onboard the CONSTITUTION;
unfortunately, the ship runs aground as they try to leave harbor. After
some difficulty, she is towed by the steamer BOSTON into deeper water.
On April 26 she begins a three-day trip to New York, towed by the steam
gunboat R.R. CUYLER.
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1861-1865: |
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The CONSTITUTION moves
to Newport, RI, where the Naval Academy relocates. She resumes duty as
a training ship for the duration of the Civil War. |
1865: |
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August - "Old
Ironsides" moves back to Annapolis, along with the rest of the Naval
Academy, after the end of the war. During the voyage she proves faster
than her tug, and is allowed to continue alone under sail. At one point,
despite her age, she is recorded running at nine knots; she arrives at
Hampton Roads ten hours ahead of the steam tug. |
1871-1877: |
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In 1871, after it
is determined that she is in critical need of repair, the CONSTITUTION
is moved to the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Initial plans are to restore her
for exhibition in 1876, the nation's centennial; however, work delays
prohibit this from happening-and in any event the restoration is incomplete
and marred by poor workmanship. |
1877-1878: |
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She serves as a training ship in
the Philadelphia Navy Yard. |
1878-1879: |
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The CONSTITUTION's
last cruise in foreign waters. She carries the American exhibits for the
world-wide Paris Exposition, docking in Le Havre, France. She stays in
Le Havre for nine months waiting to carry the exhibits back to the U.S. |
1879 |
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January 16 - While
returning from France, she runs aground beneath the White Cliffs of Dover,
England. A British tug eventually pulls her free.
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1879: |
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May 24 - Arrives in
New York. |
1879-1881: |
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The CONSTITUTION sails
the Atlantic, to various points between the West Indies and Nova Scotia,
as a training ship for naval apprentices. This is her final role as an
active unit of the Navy. |
1882-1897: |
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"Old Ironsides"
is laid up in New Hampshire at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, serving as a
receiving ship for new recruits. A barn-like "barracks" structure
is built on top of her hull. |
1897: |
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September 21 - The
CONSTITUTION is moved to the Boston Navy Yard just prior to her 100th
birthday. This is brought about in part due to the efforts of Massachusetts
Congressman John F. Fitzgerald, grandfather of President John F. Kennedy. |
1897-1900: |
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"Old Ironsides" is on
exhibition at the U.S. Navy Yard, Boston. |
1900: |
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February 14 - Congress
authorizes repairs to restore the CONSTITUTION's hull and rigging to the
condition they had been when she had been on active sea service. Adequate
funding, around $100,000, is not available until 1906. |
1907: |
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Limited repairs are
completed, to include removing the barracks-like structure from her main
deck, as well as replacing much of her rigging, spars, masts, and some
other woodwork. In addition, she receives some replica cannon in preparation
of being opened to the public. |
1916: |
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The CONSTITUTION is leaking up
to twenty-five inches of water into her hold per week at dock, indicating
significant deterioration of her hull. |
1924: |
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She now needs daily pumping to
stay afloat; experts assess at least $400,000 is needed to do essential
repairs and restoration. |
1925-1927: |
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A national, voluntary
campaign for restoration funds is created-the initiative of Secretary
of the Navy Curtis Wilbur. Numerous patriotic organizations and the nation's
schoolchildren respond by contributing almost $250,000 (children donate
$148,000-much of it in pennies-while U.S. Navy, Marine, Coast Guard personnel
donate $31,000). |
1927: |
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June 16 - The CONSTITUTION
is docked, for an extensive reconstruction, in Boston's Drydock No. 1-the
same drydock she was the first to enter ninety-four years before. |
1927-1930: |
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During the extensive
restoration effort, considerable decayed timber is replaced and the interior
of the hull is given extensive additional support. The ship is restored
to approximately resemble her appearance during the 1850s. New replica
guns are installed-far more accurate replications than those done in 1907. |
1930: |
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March 15 - "Old
Ironsides" is floated out of drydock, her repairs nearly completed.
The total cost of this restoration approximates $987,000. |
1931: |
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July 2 - The CONSTITUTION
leaves Boston, for the first time in over thirty years, for a goodwill
tour of ports on the New England coast. Due to her overwhelming popularity,
she then embarks on a similar tour to include all coastal states. |
1931-1934: |
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Under Commander Louis
J. Gulliver, "Old Ironsides" travels 22,000 miles, visits 90
ports, and welcomes more than 4.6 million visitors-over two million in
California alone. The tour takes her as far north as Bar Harbor, ME, on
the east coast, and Bellingham, WA, on the west coast-and as far south
as the Panama Canal. She is towed by the minesweeper USS GREBE and, occasionally,
by the submarine tender USS BUSHNELL. |
1934: |
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May 7 - The CONSTITUTION
returns to Boston, where she remains today, beginning duty as "America's
Ship"-representing our proud naval heritage and all those who have
fought so gallantly to preserve America's freedom.
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1954 |
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July 23 - A public law passes,
signed by President Eisenhower, that states in part, "The Secretary
of the Navy is authorized to repair, equip, and restore the United States
Ship CONSTITUTION, as far as may be practicable, to her original appearance,
but not for active service, and thereafter to maintain the United States
Ship CONSTITUTION at Boston, Massachusetts." |
1972-1975: |
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"Old Ironsides" undergoes
another major restoration prior to being put on display for the nation's
bicentennial in 1976. In 1974, during this restoration, the Boston Navy
Yard officially closes as a working naval station and it becomes part
of the Boston National Historic Park. |
1976 |
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July 11 - The CONSTITUTION is officially
visited by her majesty Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, as well as
by her consort, Admiral of the Fleet the Prince Philip, Royal Navy. |
1992: |
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Sept. 25 - The ship
is drydocked, once again in Drydock No. 1, for another major repair and
restoration. With the help of newly rediscovered documentation, this restoration
enables the CONSTITUTION to more than ever reassume her appearance circa
1812. |
1995: |
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Sept. 26 - "Old Ironsides"
floats out of drydock, in the best shape she's been in over 180 years. |
1997: |
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July 21 - The CONSTITUTION
sails under her own power, not under tow, for the first time in 116 years.
This event is conducted just outside Boston Harbor captained by Commander
Michael C. Beck. Six of the ship's sails are used.
October 21 - "Old Ironsides" celebrates
her own bicentennial. Crewmembers parade from her "birthplace,"
the Boston's Coast Guard Integrated Support Command-approximate site
of the old Hartt's Shipyard-to the Old South Meeting House.
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1998: |
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July 21-23 - Naval vessels and
"tall" ships from around the world come to Boston Harbor to
honor the CONSTITUTION. The Deputy Secretary of Defense breaks his flag
onboard, and returns the salutes from visiting warships.
The ship receives a formal blessing, in conjunction with a wreath being
laid at the gravesite of the CONSTITUTION's first captain, Samuel Nicholson,
at the Old North Church. |
2000:
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July 11 - "Old Ironsides"
leads a "Parade of Sail" with over 120 tall ships into Boston
Harbor-as part of "Sail Boston 2000" festivities.
The CONSTITUTION and the USS Constitution
Museum launch a six-year collaborative educational outreach program,
entitled "Old Ironsides Across the Nation," to bring the CONSTITUTION's
story to citizens throughout the nation.
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